Ozone therapy: an overview of pharmacodynamics, current research, and clinical utility

This comprehensive review highlights the therapeutic potential of ozone (O₃) therapy, which induces controlled oxidative stress to stimulate antioxidant defenses, enhance oxygen delivery, and modulate the immune response. Ozone therapy has demonstrated benefits across a wide range of systems, including cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and immune function. Various administration routes-such as autohemotherapy, insufflation, and topical application-allow for targeted treatment, though lung inhalation remains contraindicated due to toxicity.

The role of ozone treatment as integrative medicine. An evidence and gap map

This evidence gap map reviewed 26 systematic reviews on ozone therapy across 55 health outcomes and found the strongest evidence for pain reduction, inflammation control, wound healing, and improved quality of life. The most effective and studied method was parenteral ozone-oxygen gas mixtures, though topical and systemic routes also showed positive results. Most studies reported positive or potentially positive effects with minimal adverse events. Overall, ozone therapy appears to be a low-cost, safe, and promising integrative treatment option across various clinical conditions.